Head and neck paragangliomas: clinical and molecular.
Phaeochromocytomas are rare neuroendocrine tumours of neural crest origin, which often produce excess catecholamines (1). Although usually arising from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, phaeochromocytomas may also arise at other sites of sympathetic or parasympathetic chromaffin tissue anywhere from the base of the skull to the pelvis.
Pheochromocytomas (PCC) and paragangliomas (PGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that arise in the adrenal medulla and in extra-adrenal locations, such as the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis. Classification of these tumors into those with or without metastatic potential on the basis of gross or microscopic features is challenging.
The term “paraganglioma” is a generic one applied to tumors arising from paraganglia regardless of location ( 1, 2 ). The only exception is the paraganglioma of the adrenal medulla, which is universally known as pheochromocytoma. By extension, paragangliomas located outside the adrenal gland have been designated as extraadrenal paragangliomas.
This pictorial essay provides a classification system for the most common intramedullary spinal masses and describes distinguishing imaging features that will aid the radiologist in providing a relevant differential diagnosis to guide further management.
Pheochromocytomas (PCC) and paragangliomas (PGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that arise in the adrenal medulla and in extra-adrenal locations, such as the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis. Classification of these tumors into those with or without metastatic potential on the basis of gross or microscopic features is challenging. Recent insights and scoring systems have attempted to.
Paragangliomas (also known as glomus tumors) are benign neuroendocrine tumors. Glomus tympanicum and glomus jugulare are tumors that present in the temporal bone with pulsatile tinnitus, conductive hearing loss, and cranial nerve neuropathy. The classification system of these tumors and the pathophysiology are described. Temporal bone imaging with CT and MRI is frequently required.
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